FIND(1) FIND(1) NAME find - search for files in a directory hierarchy SYNOPSIS find [-H] [-L] [-P] [path...] [expression] DESCRIPTION This manual page documents the GNU version of find. GNU find searches the directory tree rooted at each given file name by evaluating the given expression from left to right, according to the rules of precedence (see sec- tion OPERATORS), until the outcome is known (the left hand side is false for and operations, true for or), at which point find moves on to the next file name. If you are using find in an environment where security is important (for example if you are using it to seach directories that are writable by other users), you should read the "Security Considerations" chapter of the findutils documentation, which is called Finding Files and comes with findutils. That document also includes a lot more detail and discussion than this manual page, so you may find it a more useful source of information. OPTIONS The `-H', `-L' and `-P' options control the treatment of symbolic links. Command-line arguments following these are taken to be names of files or directories to be examined, up to the first argument that begins with `-', `(', `)', `,', or `!'. That argument and any following arguments are taken to be the expression describing what is to be searched for. If no paths are given, the cur- rent directory is used. If no expression is given, the expression `-print' is used (but you should probably consider using `-print0' instead, anyway). This manual page talks about `options' within the expression list. These options control the behaviour of find but are specified immediately after the last path name. The three `real' options `-H', `-L' and `-P' must appear before the first path name, if at all. -P Never follow symbolic links. This is the default behaviour. When find examines or prints informa- tion a file, and the file is a symbolic link, the information used shall be taken from the proper- ties of the symbolic link itself. -L Follow symbolic links. When find examines or prints information about files, the information used shall be taken from the properties of the file to which the link points, not from the link itself (unless it is a broken symbolic link or find is unable to examine the file to which the link points). Use of this option implies -noleaf. If you later use the -P option, -noleaf will still be in effect. If -L is in effect and find discovers a symbolic link to a subdirectory during its search, the subdirectory pointed to by the symbolic link will be searched. When the -L option is in effect, the -type predi- cate will always match against the type of the file that a symbolic link points to rather than the link itself (unless the symbolic link is bro- ken). Using -L causes the -lname and -ilname predicates always to return false. -H Do not follow symbolic links, except while pro- cessing the command line arguments. When find examines or prints information about files, the information used shall be taken from the proper- ties of the symbolic link itself. The only exception to this behaviour is when a file speci- fied on the command line is a symbolic link, and the link can be resolved. For that situation, the information used is taken from whatever the link points to (that is, the link is followed). The information about the link itself is used as a fallback if the file pointed to by the symbolic link cannot be examined. If -H is in effect and one of the paths specified on the command line is a symbolic link to a directory, the contents of that directory will be examined (though of course -maxdepth 0 would prevent this). If more than one of -H, -L and -P is specified, each overrides the others; the last one appearing on the com- mand line takes effect. Since it is the default, the -P option should be considered to be in effect unless either -H or -L is specified. GNU find frequently stats files during the processing of the command line itself, before any searching has begun. These options also affect how those arguments are pro- cessed. Specifically, there are a number of tests that compare files listed on the command line against a file we are currently considering. In each case, the file specified on the command line will have been examined and some of its properties will have been saved. If the named file is in fact a symbolic link, and the -P option is in effect (or if neither -H nor -L were specified), the information used for the comparison will be taken from the properties of the symbolic link. Otherwise, it will be taken from the properties of the file the link points to. If find cannot follow the link (for example because it has insufficient privileges or the link points to a nonexistent file) the properties of the link itself will be used. When the -H or -L options are in effect, any symbolic links listed as the argument of -newer will be derefer- enced, and the timestamp will be taken from the file to which the symbolic link points. The same consideration applies to -anewer and -cnewer. The -follow option has a similar effect to -L, though it takes effect at the point where it appears (that is, if -L is not used but -follow is, any symbolic links appearing after -follow on the command line will be dereferenced, and those before it will not). EXPRESSIONS The expression is made up of options (which affect over- all operation rather than the processing of a specific file, and always return true), tests (which return a true or false value), and actions (which have side effects and return a true or false value), all separated by operators. -and is assumed where the operator is omitted. If the expression contains no actions other than -prune, -print is performed on all files for which the expression is true. OPTIONS All options always return true. Except for -follow and -daystart, they always take effect, rather than being processed only when their place in the expression is reached. Therefore, for clarity, it is best to place them at the beginning of the expression. A warning is issued if you don't do this. -daystart Measure times (for -amin, -atime, -cmin, -ctime, -mmin, and -mtime) from the beginning of today rather than from 24 hours ago. This option only affects tests which appear later on the command line. -depth Process each directory's contents before the directory itself. -d A synonym for -depth, for compatibility with FreeBSD, NetBSD, MacOS X and OpenBSD. -follow Deprecated; use the -L option instead. Derefer- ence symbolic links. Implies -noleaf. Unless the -H or -L option has been specified, the posi- tion of the -follow option changes the behaviour of the -newer predicate; any files listed as the argument of -newer will be dereferenced if they are symbolic links. The same consideration applies to -anewer and -cnewer. Similarly, the -type predicate will always match against the type of the file that a symbolic link points to rather than the link itself. Using -follow causes the -lname and -ilname predicates always to return false. -help, --help Print a summary of the command-line usage of find and exit. -ignore_readdir_race Normally, find will emit an error message when it fails to stat a file. If you give this option and a file is deleted between the time find reads the name of the file from the directory and the time it tries to stat the file, no error message will be issued. This also applies to files or directories whose names are given on the command line. This option takes effect at the time the command line is read, which means that you cannot search one part of the filesystem with this option on and part of it with this option off (if you need to do that, you will need to issue two find commands instead, one with the option and one without it). -maxdepth levels Descend at most levels (a non-negative integer) levels of directories below the command line arguments. `-maxdepth 0' means only apply the tests and actions to the command line arguments. -mindepth levels Do not apply any tests or actions at levels less than levels (a non-negative integer). `-mindepth 1' means process all files except the command line arguments. -mount Don't descend directories on other filesystems. An alternate name for -xdev, for compatibility with some other versions of find. -noignore_readdir_race Turns off the effect of -ignore_readdir_race. -noleaf Do not optimize by assuming that directories con- tain 2 fewer subdirectories than their hard link count. This option is needed when searching filesystems that do not follow the Unix direc- tory-link convention, such as CD-ROM or MS-DOS filesystems or AFS volume mount points. Each directory on a normal Unix filesystem has at least 2 hard links: its name and its `.' entry. Additionally, its subdirectories (if any) each have a `..' entry linked to that directory. When find is examining a directory, after it has statted 2 fewer subdirectories than the direc- tory's link count, it knows that the rest of the entries in the directory are non-directories (`leaf' files in the directory tree). If only the files' names need to be examined, there is no need to stat them; this gives a significant increase in search speed. -version, --version Print the find version number and exit. -warn, -nowarn Turn warning messages on or off. These warnings apply only to the command line usage, not to any conditions that find might encounter when it searches directories. The default behaviour cor- responds to -warn if standard input is a tty, and to -nowarn otherwise. -xdev Don't descend directories on other filesystems. TESTS Numeric arguments can be specified as +n for greater than n, -n for less than n, n for exactly n. -amin n File was last accessed n minutes ago. -anewer file File was last accessed more recently than file was modified. If file is a symbolic link and the -H option or the -L option is in effect, the access time of the file it points to is always used. -atime n File was last accessed n*24 hours ago. When find figures out how many 24-hour preiods ago the file was last accessed, any fractional part is ignored, so to match -atime +1, a file has to have been modified at least two days ago. -cmin n File's status was last changed n minutes ago. -cnewer file File's status was last changed more recently than file was modified. If file is a symbolic link and the -H option or the -L option is in effect, the status-change time of the file it points to is always used. -ctime n File's status was last changed n*24 hours ago. See the comments for -atime to understand how rounding affects the interpretation of file sta- tus change times. -empty File is empty and is either a regular file or a directory. -false Always false. -fstype type File is on a filesystem of type type. The valid filesystem types vary among different versions of Unix; an incomplete list of filesystem types that are accepted on some version of Unix or another is: ufs, 4.2, 4.3, nfs, tmp, mfs, S51K, S52K. You can use -printf with the %F directive to see the types of your filesystems. -gid n File's numeric group ID is n. -group gname File belongs to group gname (numeric group ID allowed). -ilname pattern Like -lname, but the match is case insensitive. If the -L option or the -follow option is in effect, this test returns false unless the sym- bolic link is broken. -iname pattern Like -name, but the match is case insensitive. For example, the patterns `fo*' and `F??' match the file names `Foo', `FOO', `foo', `fOo', etc. In these patterns, unlike filename expansion by the shell, an initial '.' can be matched by '*'. That is, find -name *bar will match the file `.foobar'. -inum n File has inode number n. It is normally easier to use the -samefile test instead. -ipath pattern Behaves in the same way as -iwholename. This option is deprecated, so please do not use it. -iregex pattern Like -regex, but the match is case insensitive. -iwholename pattern Like -wholename, but the match is case insensi- tive. -links n File has n links. -lname pattern File is a symbolic link whose contents match shell pattern pattern. The metacharacters do not treat `/' or `.' specially. If the -L option or the -follow option is in effect, this test returns false unless the symbolic link is broken. -mmin n File's data was last modified n minutes ago. -mtime n File's data was last modified n*24 hours ago. See the comments for -atime to understand how rounding affects the interpretation of file modi- fication times. -name pattern Base of file name (the path with the leading directories removed) matches shell pattern pat- tern. The metacharacters (`*', `?', and `[]') match a `.' at the start of the base name (this is a change in findutils-4.2.2; see section STAN- DARDS CONFORMANCE below). To ignore a directory and the files under it, use -prune; see an exam- ple in the description of -wholename. Braces are not recognised as being special, despite the fact that some shells including Bash imbue braces with a special meaning in shell patterns. The file- name matching is performed with the use of the fnmatch(3) library function. -newer file File was modified more recently than file. If file is a symbolic link and the -H option or the -L option is in effect, the modification time of the file it points to is always used. -nouser No user corresponds to file's numeric user ID. -nogroup No group corresponds to file's numeric group ID. -path pattern See -wholename. The predicate -path is also supported by HP-UX find. -perm mode File's permission bits are exactly mode (octal or symbolic). Since an exact match is required, if you want to use this form for symbolic modes, you may have to specify a rather complex mode string. For example '-perm g=w' will only match files which have mode 0020 (that is, ones for which group write permission is the only permission set). It is more likely that you will want to use the '+' or '-' forms, for example '-perm -g=w', which matches any file with group write permission. See the EXAMPLES section for some illustrative examples. -perm -mode All of the permission bits mode are set for the file. Symbolic modes are accepted in this form, and this is usually the way in which would want to use them. You must specify 'u', 'g' or 'o' if you use a symbolic mode. See the EXAMPLES sec- tion for some illustrative examples. -perm +mode Any of the permission bits mode are set for the file. Symbolic modes are accepted in this form. You must specify 'u', 'g' or 'o' if you use a symbolic mode. See the EXAMPLES section for some illustrative examples. -regex pattern File name matches regular expression pattern. This is a match on the whole path, not a search. For example, to match a file named `./fubar3', you can use the regular expression `.*bar.' or `.*b.*3', but not `f.*r3'. The regular expres- sions understood by find follow the conventions for the re_match system library function where this is present (i.e. on systems using the GNU C Library). On other systems, the implementation within Gnulib is used; by default, Gnulib pro- vides ``basic'' regular expressions. -samefile name File refers to the same inode as name. When -L is in effect, this can include symbolic links. -size n[cwbkMG] File uses n units of space. The following suf- fixes can be used: `b' for 512-byte blocks (this is the default if no suffix is used) `c' for bytes `w' for two-byte words `k' for Kilobytes (units of 1024 bytes) `M' for Megabytes (units of 1048576 bytes) `G' for Gigabytes (units of 1073741824 bytes) The size does not count indirect blocks, but it does count blocks in sparse files that are not actually allocated. Bear in mind that the `%k' and `%b' format specifiers of -printf handle sparse files differently. The `b' suffix always denotes 512-byte blocks and never 1 Kilobyte blocks, which is different to the behaviour of -ls. -true Always true. -type c File is of type c: b block (buffered) special c character (unbuffered) special d directory p named pipe (FIFO) f regular file l symbolic link (never true if the -L option or the -follow option is in effect, unless the symbolic link is broken). s socket D door (Solaris) -uid n File's numeric user ID is n. -used n File was last accessed n days after its status was last changed. -user uname File is owned by user uname (numeric user ID allowed). -wholename pattern File name matches shell pattern pattern. The metacharacters do not treat `/' or `.' specially; so, for example, find . -wholename './sr*sc' will print an entry for a directory called './src/misc' (if one exists). To ignore a whole directory tree, use -prune rather than checking every file in the tree. For example, to skip the directory `src/emacs' and all files and directo- ries under it, and print the names of the other files found, do something like this: find . -wholename './src/emacs' -prune -o -print -xtype c The same as -type unless the file is a symbolic link. For symbolic links: if the -H or -P option was specified, true if the file is a link to a file of type c; if the -L option has been given, true if c is `l'. In other words, for symbolic links, -xtype checks the type of the file that -type does not check. ACTIONS -delete Delete files; true if removal succeeded. If the removal failed, an error message is issued. -exec command ; Execute command; true if 0 status is returned. All following arguments to find are taken to be arguments to the command until an argument con- sisting of `;' is encountered. The string `{}' is replaced by the current file name being pro- cessed everywhere it occurs in the arguments to the command, not just in arguments where it is alone, as in some versions of find. Both of these constructions might need to be escaped (with a `\') or quoted to protect them from expansion by the shell. See the EXAMPLES section for examples of the use of the `-exec' option. The specified command is run once for each matched file. The command is executed in the starting directory. There are unavoidable secu- rity problems surrounding use of the -exec option; you should use the -execdir option instead. -exec command {} + This variant of the -exec option runs the speci- fied command on the selected files, but the com- mand line is built by appending each selected file name at the end; the total number of invoca- tions of the command will be much less than the number of matched files. The command line is built in much the same way that xargs builds its command lines. Only one instance of '{}' is allowed within the command. The command is exe- cuted in the starting directory. -execdir command ; -execdir command {} + Like -exec, but the specified command is run from the subdirectory containing the matched file, which is not normally the directory in which you started find. This a much more secure method for invoking commands, as it avoids race conditions during resolution of the paths to the matched files. As with the -exec option, the '+' form of -execdir will build a command line to process more than one matched file, but any given invoca- tion of command will only list files that exist in the same subdirectory. If you use this option, you must ensure that your $PATH environ- ment variable does not reference the current directory; otherwise, an attacker can run any commands they like by leaving an appropriately- named file in a directory in which you will run -execdir. -fls file True; like -ls but write to file like -fprint. The output file is always created, even if the predicate is never matched. -fprint file True; print the full file name into file file. If file does not exist when find is run, it is created; if it does exist, it is truncated. The file names ``/dev/stdout'' and ``/dev/stderr'' are handled specially; they refer to the standard output and standard error output, respectively. The output file is always created, even if the predicate is never matched. -fprint0 file True; like -print0 but write to file like -fprint. The output file is always created, even if the predicate is never matched. -fprintf file format True; like -printf but write to file like -fprint. The output file is always created, even if the predicate is never matched. -ok command ; Like -exec but ask the user first (on the stan- dard input); if the response does not start with `y' or `Y', do not run the command, and return false. -print True; print the full file name on the standard output, followed by a newline. If you are pip- ing the output of find into another program and there is the faintest possibility that the files which you are searching for might contain a new- line, then you should seriously consider using the `-print0' option instead of `-print'. -okdir command ; Like -execdir but ask the user first (on the standard input); if the response does not start with `y' or `Y', do not run the command, and return false. -print0 True; print the full file name on the standard output, followed by a null character (instead of the newline character that `-print' uses). This allows file names that contain newlines or other types of white space to be correctly interpreted by programs that process the find output. This option corresponds to the `-0' option of xargs. -printf format True; print format on the standard output, inter- preting `\' escapes and `%' directives. Field widths and precisions can be specified as with the `printf' C function. Please note that many of the fields are printed as %s rather than %d, and this may mean that flags don't work as you might expect. This also means that the `-' flag does work (it forces fields to be left-aligned). Unlike -print, -printf does not add a newline at the end of the string. The escapes and direc- tives are: \a Alarm bell. \b Backspace. \c Stop printing from this format immediately and flush the output. \f Form feed. \n Newline. \r Carriage return. \t Horizontal tab. \v Vertical tab. \ ASCII NUL. \\ A literal backslash (`\'). \NNN The character whose ASCII code is NNN (octal). A `\' character followed by any other character is treated as an ordinary character, so they both are printed. %% A literal percent sign. %a File's last access time in the format returned by the C `ctime' function. %Ak File's last access time in the format specified by k, which is either `@' or a directive for the C `strftime' function. The possible values for k are listed below; some of them might not be available on all systems, due to differences in `strftime' between systems. @ seconds since Jan. 1, 1970, 00:00 GMT. Time fields: H hour (00..23) I hour (01..12) k hour ( 0..23) l hour ( 1..12) M minute (00..59) p locale's AM or PM r time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss [AP]M) S second (00..61) T time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss) + Date and time, separated by '+', for example `2004-04-28+22:22:05'. The time is given in the current timezone (which may be affected by setting the TZ environment vari- able). This is a GNU extension. X locale's time representation (H:M:S) Z time zone (e.g., EDT), or nothing if no time zone is determinable Date fields: a locale's abbreviated weekday name (Sun..Sat) A locale's full weekday name, vari- able length (Sunday..Saturday) b locale's abbreviated month name (Jan..Dec) B locale's full month name, variable length (January..December) c locale's date and time (Sat Nov 04 12:02:33 EST 1989) d day of month (01..31) D date (mm/dd/yy) h same as b j day of year (001..366) m month (01..12) U week number of year with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) w day of week (0..6) W week number of year with Monday as first day of week (00..53) x locale's date representation (mm/dd/yy) y last two digits of year (00..99) Y year (1970...) %b File's size in 512-byte blocks (rounded up). %c File's last status change time in the for- mat returned by the C `ctime' function. %Ck File's last status change time in the for- mat specified by k, which is the same as for %A. %d File's depth in the directory tree; 0 means the file is a command line argument. %D The device number on which the file exists (the st_dev field of struct stat), in dec- imal. %f File's name with any leading directories removed (only the last element). %F Type of the filesystem the file is on; this value can be used for -fstype. %g File's group name, or numeric group ID if the group has no name. %G File's numeric group ID. %h Leading directories of file's name (all but the last element). If the file name contains no slashes (since it is in the current directory) the %h specifier expands to ".". %H Command line argument under which file was found. %i File's inode number (in decimal). %k The amount of disk space used for this file in 1K blocks (rounded up). This is different from %s/1024 if the file is a sparse file. %l Object of symbolic link (empty string if file is not a symbolic link). %m File's permission bits (in octal). This option uses the 'traditional' numbers which most Unix implementations use, but if your particular implementation uses an unusual ordering of octal permissions bits, you will see a difference between the actual value of the file's mode and the output of %m. Normally you will want to have a leading zero on this number, and to do this, you should use the # flag (as in, for example, '%#m'). %n Number of hard links to file. %p File's name. %P File's name with the name of the command line argument under which it was found removed. %s File's size in bytes. %t File's last modification time in the for- mat returned by the C `ctime' function. %Tk File's last modification time in the for- mat specified by k, which is the same as for %A. %u File's user name, or numeric user ID if the user has no name. %U File's numeric user ID. %y File's type (like in ls -l), U=unknown type (shouldn't happen) %Y File's type (like %y), plus follow sym- links: L=loop, N=nonexistent A `%' character followed by any other character is discarded (but the other character is printed). The %m and %d directives support the # , 0 and + flags, but the other directives do not, even if they print numbers. Numeric directives that do not support these flags include G, U, b, D, k and n. The `-' format flag is supported and changes the alignment of a field from right-justified (which is the default) to left-justified. -prune If -depth is not given, true; if the file is a directory, do not descend into it. If -depth is given, false; no effect. -quit Exit immediately. No child proceses will be left running, but no more paths specified on the com- mand line will be processed. For example, find /tmp/foo /tmp/bar -print -quit will print only /tmp/foo. Any command lines which have been built up with -execdir ... {} + will be invoked before find exits. The exit status may or may not be zero, depending on whether an error has already occurred. -ls True; list current file in `ls -dils' format on standard output. The block counts are of 1K blocks, unless the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, in which case 512-byte blocks are used. OPERATORS Listed in order of decreasing precedence: ( expr ) Force precedence. ! expr True if expr is false. -not expr Same as ! expr, but not POSIX compliant. expr1 expr2 Two expressions in a row are taken to be joined with an implied "and"; expr2 is not evaluated if expr1 is false. expr1 -a expr2 Same as expr1 expr2. expr1 -and expr2 Same as expr1 expr2, but not POSIX compliant. expr1 -o expr2 Or; expr2 is not evaluated if expr1 is true. expr1 -or expr2 Same as expr1 -o expr2, but not POSIX compliant. expr1 , expr2 List; both expr1 and expr2 are always evaluated. The value of expr1 is discarded; the value of the list is the value of expr2. The comma opera- tor can be useful for searching for several dif- ferent types of thing, but traversing the filesystem hierarchy only once. The -fprintf action can be used to list the various matched items into several different output files. STANDARDS CONFORMANCE The following options are specified in the POSIX stan- dard (IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition): -H This option is supported. -L This option is supported. -name This option is supported, but POSIX conformance depends on the POSIX conformance of the system's fnmatch(3) library function. As of findu- tils-4.2.2, shell metacharacters ('*'. '?' or '[]' for example) will match a leading '.', because IEEE PASC interpretation 126 requires this. This is a change from previous versions of findutils. -type Supported. POSIX specifies `b', `c', `d', `l', `p', `f' and `s'. GNU find also supports `D', representing a Door, where the OS provides these. -ok Supported. Interpretation of the response is not locale-dependent (see ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES). -newer Supported. If the file specified is a symbolic link, it is always dereferenced. This is a change from previous behaviour, which used to take the relevant time from the symbolic link; see the HISTORY section below. Other predicates The predicates `-atime', `-ctime', `-depth', `-group', `-links', `-mtime', `-nogroup', `-nouser', `-perm', `-print', `-prune', `-size', `-user' and `-xdev', are all supported. The POSIX standard specifies parentheses `(', `)', negation `!' and the `and' and `or' operators (`-a', `-o'). All other options, predicates, expressions and so forth are extensions beyond the POSIX standard. Many of these extensions are not unique to GNU find, however. The POSIX standard requires that The find utility shall detect infinite loops; that is, entering a previously visited directory that is an ancestor of the last file encountered. When it detects an infinite loop, find shall write a diagnostic message to standard error and shall either recover its position in the hierar- chy or terminate. The link count of directories which contain entries which are hard links to an ancestor will often be lower than they otherwise should be. This can mean that GNU find will sometimes optimise away the visiting of a sub- directory which is actually a link to an ancestor. Since find does not actually enter such a subdirectory, it is allowed to avoid emitting a diagnostic message. Although this behaviour may be somewhat confusing, it is unlikely that anybody actually depends on this behav- iour. If the leaf optimisation has been turned off with -noleaf, the directory entry will always be examined and the diagnostic message will be issued where it is appro- priate. Symbolic links cannot be used to create filesystem cycles as such, but if the -L option or the -follow option is in use, a diagnostic message is issued when find encounters a loop of symbolic links. As with loops containing hard links, the leaf optimisation will often mean that find knows that it doesn't need to call stat() or chdir() on the symbolic link, so this diagnos- tic is frequently not necessary. The -d option is supported for comatibility with various BSD systems, but you should use the POSIX-compliant predicate -depth instead. ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES LANG Provides a default value for the international- ization variables that are unset or null. LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalization variables. LC_COLLATE The POSIX standard specifies that this variable affects the pattern matching to be used for the `-name' option. GNU find uses the fnmatch(3) library function, and so support for `LC_COLLATE' depends on the system library. POSIX also specifies that the `LC_COLLATE' envi- ronment variable affects the interpretation of the user's response to the query issued by `-ok', but this is not the case for GNU find. LC_CTYPE This variable affects the treatment of character classes used with the `-name' option, if the sys- tem's fnmatch(3) library function supports this. It has no effect on the behaviour of the `-ok' expression. LC_MESSAGES Determines the locale to be used for internation- alised messages. NLSPATH Determines the location of the internationalisa- tion message catalogues. PATH Affects the directores which are searched to find the executables invoked by `-exec' and `-ok'. POSIXLY_CORRECT Determines the block size used by `-ls'. TZ Affects the time zone used for some of the time- related format directives of -printf and -fprintf. EXAMPLES find /tmp -name core -type f -print | xargs /bin/rm -f Find files named core in or below the directory /tmp and delete them. Note that this will work incorrectly if there are any filenames containing newlines, single or double quotes, or spaces. find /tmp -name core -type f -print0 | xargs -0 /bin/rm -f Find files named core in or below the directory /tmp and delete them, processing filenames in such a way that file or directory names containing single or double quotes, spaces or newlines are correctly handled. The -name test comes before the -type test in order to avoid having to call stat(2) on every file. find . -type f -exec file '{}' \; Runs `file' on every file in or below the current direc- tory. Notice that the braces are enclosed in single quote marks to protect them from interpretation as shell script punctuation. The semicolon is similarly pro- tected by the use of a backslash, though ';' could have been used in that case also. find / ( -perm +4000 -fprintf /root/suid.txt '%#m %u %p\n' ) , \ ( -size +100M -fprintf /root/big.txt '%-10s %p\n' ) Traverse the filesystem just once, listing setuid files and directories into /root/suid.txt and large files into /root/big/txt. find $HOME -mtime 0 Search for files in your home directory which have been modified in the last twenty-four hours. This command works this way because the time since each file was last accessed is divided by 24 hours and any remainder is discarded. That means that to match -atime 0, a file will have to have a modification in the past which is less than 24 hours ago. find . -perm 664 Search for files which have read and write permission for their owner, and group, but which the rest of the world can read but not write to. Files which meet these criteria but have other permissions bits set (for exam- ple if someone can execute the file) will not be matched. find . -perm -664 Search for files which have read and write permission for their owner, and group, but which the rest of the world can read but not write to, without regard to the presence of any extra permission bits (for example the executable bit). This will match a file which has mode 0777, for example. find . -perm +222 Search for files which are writeable by somebody (their owner, or their group, or anybody else). find . -perm +022 find . -perm +g+w,o+w find . -perm +g=w,o=w All three of these commands do the same thing, but the first one uses the octal representation of the file mode, and the other two use the symbolic form. These commands all search for files which are writeable by either their owner or their group. The files don't have to be writeable by both the owner and group to be matched; either will do. find . -perm -022 find . -perm -g+w,o+w Both these commands do the same thing; search for files which are writeable by both their owner and their group. EXIT STATUS find exits with status 0 if all files are processed suc- cessfully, greater than 0 if errors occur. This is deliberately a very broad description, but if the return value is non-zero, you should not rely on the correct- ness of the results of find. SEE ALSO locate(1), locatedb(5), updatedb(1), xargs(1), fnmatch(3), regex(7), stat(2), lstat(2), ls(1), printf(3), strftime(3), ctime(3), Finding Files (on-line in Info, or printed), HISTORY As of findutils-4.2.2, shell metacharacters ('*'. '?' or '[]' for example) used in filename patterns will match a leading '.', because IEEE POSIX interpretation 126 requires this. BUGS There are security problems inherent in the behaviour that the POSIX standard specifies for find, which there- fore cannot be fixed. For example, the -exec action is inherently insecure, and -execdir should be used instead. Please see Finding Files for more information. The best way to report a bug is to use the form at http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?group=findutils. The rea- son for this is that you will then be able to track progress in fixing the problem. Other comments about find(1) and about the findutils package in general can be sent to the bug-findutils mailing list. To join the list, send email to bug-findutils-request@gnu.org. FIND(1)