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<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </head> <body lang=EN-GB link=blue vlink=purple style='tab-interval:36.0pt'> <div class=WordSection1> <h2 align=center style='text-align:center'><strong><span style='font-family: Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Homepage Raoul <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>Frese</span></span><span class=GramE>&nbsp; last</span> update: April 2011, under development </span></strong><span style='font-family: Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></h2> <p align=center style='text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=arial><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 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style='font-family:Arial'>Assistant Professor</span></strong> (Tenure Track, <span class=SpellE>Universitair</span> Docent) <br> Faculty of Sciences/<span class=SpellE>Faculteit</span> der <span class=SpellE>Exacte</span> <span class=SpellE>Wetenschappen</span> (FEW) <br> Department of Physics and Astronomy <br> <strong><span style='font-family:Arial'>Sections:</span></strong>&nbsp; Physics of Energy, Physics of Life and Health/Elementary Events in Biophysics <br> <strong><span style='font-family:Arial'>Expertise:</span></strong> biophysics, <span class=SpellE>supramolecular</span> photosynthesis, light spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, <span class=SpellE>bionanotechnology</span>. <br> <strong><span style='font-family:Arial'>Email:</span></strong> <a href="mailto:r.n.frese@vu.nl"><span class=SpellE>r.n.frese</span> at vu.nl</a> <br> <strong><span style='font-family:Arial'>Phone:</span></strong> +31-(<span class=GramE>0)20</span>-598-7263 <br> <strong><span style='font-family:Arial'>Address:</span></strong> De <span class=SpellE>Boelelaan</span> 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands <br> Room T1.28 </p> <p class=arial><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'> <![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'> <![endif]></p> <p class=arial><br> <strong><span style='font-family:Arial'>Current tasks at Faculty of Sciences (FEW) and Faculty of Life Sciences (FALW)</span></strong></p> <ul type=disc> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-family: Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Coordinator biophysics group meeting (biophysics/FEW) <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-family: Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Coordinator biophysics research projects (for national and international bachelor/master students; biophysics/FEW) <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-family: Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Coordinator and lecturer <em><span style='font-family:Arial'>Current Developments in Biophysics</span></em> (FEW), together with Remus Dame <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-family: Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Lecturer <em><span style='font-family:Arial'>Advanced <span class=SpellE>Biophotonics</span> one</span></em> (FALW) <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-family: Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Lecturer <span class=SpellE><em><span style='font-family:Arial'>Masterclass</span></em></span><em><span style='font-family:Arial'> Physics:&nbsp; renewable energy</span></em> (FEW) <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-family: Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Teaching assistant biophysical techniques (FALW) <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-family: Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Teaching assistant experimental physics (B, F-series, FEW) <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-family: Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Co-developer Science Minor, Master Science Business and Innovation (SBI/FEW) <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l3 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-family: Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Developer Energy Physics, Sustainable Energy Technologies, Master Science Business and Innovation (SBI/FEW) <o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class=arial><b><br> <strong><span style='font-family:Arial'>Co-<span class=SpellE>promotor</span> PhD students:</span></strong></b></p> <ul type=disc> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span class=SpellE><span style='font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Janneke</span></span><span style='font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <span class=SpellE>Ravensberger</span>; Project:&nbsp; Functional assessment and characterization of artificial photosynthetic systems with time-resolved spectroscopy and <span class=SpellE>spectroelectrochemistry</span> (with <span class=SpellE>Kennis</span>, collaboration within TBSC consortium) <a href="http://www.biosolarcells.nl/UK/">http://www.biosolarcells.nl/UK/</a><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-family: Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Vincent <span class=SpellE>Friebe</span>; Project: non-photochemical quenching and <span class=SpellE>supramolecular</span> organization in diatoms (with van <span class=SpellE>Grondelle</span>, collaboration within ITN-HARVEST), <a href="http://www.nat.vu.nl/en/research/eu_network-itn_harvest/index.asp">http://www.nat.vu.nl/en/research/eu_network-itn_harvest/index.asp</a><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-family: Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Gerhard <span class=SpellE>Magis</span>; Project: Interfacing photosynthetic protein complexes onto surfaces (with <span class=SpellE>Aartsma</span>, biophysics, Leiden University/LION)<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span class=SpellE><span style='font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Kinga</span></span><span style='font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <span class=SpellE>Sznee</span><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-family: Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Vincent Delgado<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class=arial><b><br> <strong><span style='font-family:Arial'>(Co-) Supervisor students</span></strong></b> (biophysics/FEW): </p> <ul type=disc> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span class=SpellE><span style='font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Lucyna</span></span><span style='font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <span class=SpellE>Wlodarczyk</span>; Project: State transitions and <span class=SpellE>supramolecular</span> organization in <span class=SpellE>Chlamydomonas</span> <span class=SpellE>reinhardtii</span> (PhD, with Dekker, collaboration within ITN-HARVEST) <a href="http://www.nat.vu.nl/en/research/eu_network-itn_harvest/index.asp">http://www.nat.vu.nl/en/research/eu_network-itn_harvest/index.asp</a><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class=arial><b><br> <strong><span style='font-family:Arial'>Current networks and funding</span></strong></b></p> <ul type=disc> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-family: Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>NWO VIDI; <a href="http://www.nwo.nl/nwohome.nsf/pages/NWOP_5VTGQW_Eng">http://www.nwo.nl/nwohome.nsf/pages/NWOP_5VTGQW_Eng</a><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span class=SpellE><span style='font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Biosolar</span></span><span style='font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> cells; <a href="http://www.biosolarcells.nl/UK/">http://www.biosolarcells.nl/UK/</a><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-family: Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>HARVEST.<a href="http://www.nat.vu.nl/en/research/eu_network-itn_harvest/index.asp">http://www.nat.vu.nl/en/research/eu_network-itn_harvest/index.asp</a><o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <h2 align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><br> <br> <strong><span style='font-family:Arial'>My research in pictures, movies and models</span></strong><o:p></o:p></span></h2> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:121pt;height:124pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="Raoul_files/image001.emz" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]> <img border=0 width=123 height=126 src="Raoul_files/image002.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031"> <![endif]></span><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-no-proof:yes'><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:118pt;height:129pt;visibility:visible; mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="Raoul_files/image003.png" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]> <img border=0 width=120 height=131 src="Raoul_files/image004.png" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030"> <![endif]></span><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-no-proof:yes'><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:2in;height:135pt; visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="Raoul_files/image005.png" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=146 height=137 src="Raoul_files/image006.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3"><![endif]></span><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><a href="frese_simulation_movie.mov"><span lang=EN-US style='color:windowtext;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-no-proof:yes; text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" href="file://localhost/Volumes/ranmuth/www/frese_simulation_movie.mov" style='width:129pt;height:116pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t"> <v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/> <v:imagedata src="Raoul_files/image007.png" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=131 height=118 src="Raoul_files/image008.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4"><![endif]></span></a><span lang=EN-US style='mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: RCs on surfaceresize" style='width:174pt;height:107pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="Raoul_files/image009.jpg" o:title="RCs on surfaceresize"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=176 height=109 src="Raoul_files/image010.png" alt="Description: RCs on surfaceresize" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1"><![endif]></span></p> <p class=arial><strong><span style='font-family:Arial'>Left to right<span class=GramE>:<span style='font-weight:normal'>&nbsp; </span></span></span></strong><br> Me and co-workers were the first to obtain a high resolution image of a multicomponent biological membrane. We could generalise and select the correct AFM image from ensemble polarized spectroscopy measurements on intact membranes. Similar studies on mutants lacking one or two protein components lead to a detailed description of the <span class=SpellE>supramolecular</span> organization and packing effects within these membranes. That work lead to a general thermodynamic description of protein domain formation. Simulations based on colloidal theory show how membrane curvature is dependent on domain formation and how diffusive networks can be generated under packed conditions. Our control of photosynthetic membranes now extends beyond the cell, we can adhere membranes onto conducting surfaces and probe primary <span class=SpellE>photoconversion</span> reactions and cycle currents. </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class=arial><strong><span style='font-family:Arial'>Selected publications:</span></strong><b><br> </b><br> <strong><span style='font-family:Arial'>The long range supra-organisation of the bacterial photosynthetic unit: a key role for <span class=SpellE>PufX</span></span></strong><span class=GramE>; &nbsp;Raoul</span> N. <span class=SpellE>Frese</span>, John D. Olsen, <span class=SpellE>Rikard</span> <span class=SpellE>Branvall</span>, Willem H. J. <span class=SpellE>Westerhuis</span>, C. Neil Hunter and <span class=SpellE>Rienk</span> van <span class=SpellE>Grondelle</span>. Proc. Natl. Acad. <span class=SpellE>Sci</span> USA 97, (2000), p. 5197-5202.<br> <span class=GramE><strong><span style='font-family:Arial'>Electric field effects on the chlorophylls, <span class=SpellE>pheophytins</span> and b-carotenes and in the reaction <span class=SpellE>center</span> of photosystem II;</span></strong> Raoul N. <span class=SpellE>Frese</span>, Marta <span class=SpellE>Germano</span>, Frank L. de <span class=SpellE>Weerd</span>, Ivo H. M. van <span class=SpellE>Stokkum</span>, <span class=SpellE>Anatoli</span> <span class=SpellE>Ya</span>.</span> <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>Shkuropatov</span></span><span class=GramE>, Vladimir A. <span class=SpellE>Shuvalov</span>, Hans J. van <span class=SpellE>Gorkom</span>, <span class=SpellE>Rienk</span> van <span class=SpellE>Grondelle</span> and Jan P. Dekker; Biochemistry 42, (2003); p.9205-9213.</span><br> <strong><span style='font-family:Arial'>The native architecture of a photosynthetic membrane</span></strong><span class=GramE>; &nbsp;Svetlana</span> <span class=SpellE>Bahatyrova</span>*, Raoul N. <span class=SpellE>Frese</span>*, C. Alistair Siebert, John D. Olsen, <span class=SpellE>Kees</span> van der <span class=SpellE>Werf</span>, <span class=SpellE>Rienk</span> van <span class=SpellE>Grondelle</span>, Robert <span class=SpellE>Niedermann</span>, Per A. <span class=SpellE>Bullough</span>, <span class=SpellE>Cees</span> Otto and Neil C. Hunter; Nature 430, 1058-1062, (2004). <br> <strong><span style='font-family:Arial'>The long-range organisation of a photosynthetic membrane</span></strong><span class=GramE>; &nbsp;Raoul</span> N. <span class=SpellE>Frese</span>, C. Alistair Siebert, Robert A. <span class=SpellE>Niederman</span>, C. Neil Hunter, C. Otto and <span class=SpellE>Rienk</span> van <span class=SpellE>Grondelle</span>; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 (52), (2004), p. 17994-17999. <br> <strong><span style='font-family:Arial'>Protein shape and crowding drive domain formation and curvature in biological membranes<span class=GramE>; &nbsp;<span style='font-weight:normal'>Raoul</span></span></span></strong> N. <span class=SpellE>Frese</span>, <span class=SpellE>Josep</span> C. <span class=SpellE>Pàmies</span>, John D. Olsen, Svetlana <span class=SpellE>Bahatyrova</span>, Chantal D. de Wit, <span class=SpellE>Thijs</span> <span class=SpellE>Aartsma</span>, <span class=SpellE>Cees</span> Otto, C. Neil Hunter, <span class=SpellE>Daan</span> <span class=SpellE>Frenkel</span> and <span class=SpellE>Rienk</span> van <span class=SpellE>Grondelle</span>; Biophysical Journal 94: 640-647, (2008)<br> <strong><span style='font-family:Arial'>Light harvesting, energy transfer and electron cycling of native photosynthetic assemblies on a gold-electrode; &nbsp;</span></strong>Gerhard J. <span class=SpellE>Magis</span>, Mart-Jan den Hollander, John D. Olsen, Neil C. Hunter, <span class=SpellE>Thijs</span> J. <span class=SpellE>Aartsma</span> and Raoul N. <span class=SpellE>Frese</span>; <span class=SpellE>Biochem</span>. <span class=SpellE>Biophys</span>. <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>Acta-Biomembranes</span></span><span class=GramE> 1798, (2010); p.637-645.</span></p> <h3><strong><span style='font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Research statement</span></strong><span style='font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p class=arial>Every 90 minutes, the sun radiates an amount of energy equal to the annual consumption of the world population. By the process of photosynthesis, plants, algae and certain bacterial species have mastered the direct utilisation of this energy to power their metabolism. Now we must learn from the natural process to utilise solar energy to produce <span class=SpellE>biosolar</span> fuels and more food for a growing world population. <span class=GramE>Decades of photosynthesis research has</span> resulted in a wealth of knowledge on individual photosynthetic protein complexes. My research focuses on how the different components work together in photosynthetic membranes and other assemblies. Utilising atomic force microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and light-induced electrochemistry the <span class=SpellE>supramolecular</span> structures and dynamics are being assessed. By doing this, we gain detailed knowledge on the molecular basis of functioning of proteins within a network; most importantly this research leads to a targeted approach towards improved natural and artificial photosynthesis.</p> <p class=arial><strong><span style='font-family:Arial'>Major questions I address are:</span></strong><b><br> </b><em><span style='font-family:Arial'>How can we maintain the intrinsic properties of biology such as optimisation, self-assembly, self-repair durability and flexibility within an artificial device?</span></em><i><br> <em><span style='font-family:Arial'>Specifically, can we engineer natural proteins for technological applications while integrated within the natural support system?</span></em><br> <em><span style='font-family:Arial'>What <span class=SpellE>supramolecular</span> assemblies will lead to optimal energy-conversion efficiency?</span></em><br> <em><span style='font-family:Arial'>Can we predict favourable designs from the constituent building blocks?</span></em></i></p> <div> <p><strong><span style='font-family:Arial'>And the key-objectives of my research are:</span></strong><b><span style='font-family:Arial'><br> <br> </span></b><em><span style='font-family:Arial'>Establish the design principles for natural and artificial photosynthetic systems to optimise conversion efficiencies.</span></em><span style='font-family:Arial'><br> Goal: to visualise and quantify the functionality of <span class=SpellE>supramolecular</span> assemblies.<br> Approach: implement novel single/few-molecule fluorescence techniques to functionally describe and quantitatively compare natural systems and artificial designs. <br> Techniques: atomic force microscopy, light-induced current voltammetry, single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, stimulated emission depletion microscopy.<br> Impact: a fundamental description of energy conversion yields <span class=GramE>of</span>, and dynamics within, supported-assemblies.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><em><span style='font-family:Arial'>Integrating assemblies, solid supports and electrodes</span></em><span style='font-family:Arial'><br> Goal: interconnect conducting electrodes onto novel biological assemblies.<br> Approach: engineer proteins to induce the stacking of membranes, create new assemblies and interface protein-complexes with <span class=GramE>thin &nbsp;conducting</span> films. <br> Techniques: surface chemistry, 2D-protein crystallization, <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>plasmonics</span></span>. Impact: functional bio-photovoltaic or solar-hydrogen cell and bio-electronic devices as template for biosensors, solar-to-fuel cells, lab-on-a-chip, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <p class=arial><br> My research involves the interconnection of photosynthetic and other biological complexes and surfaces. Methodologies are directed towards photovoltaic and <span class=SpellE>photohydrogen</span> energy production. But at the same time, we investigate fundamental biological processes within membranes: diffusion under crowding, packing effects, phase transitions, energy and electron transfers. These investigations converge into a description of <span class=SpellE>supramolecular</span>, biological energy conversion and bio-solar renewable energy resources. </p> <p class=arial>There are several factors that makes photosynthetic material paradigm for molecular and cellular biophysics and biotechnology sciences. The embedded <span class=SpellE>chromophores</span> are maintained in an exact geometry by the surrounding proteins allowing a multitude of detailed spectroscopic and microscopic investigations. Interpretation of data is strongly aided by detailed models of the 3D-structures and high-resolution atomic force microscopy images. Besides, for the electron transferring protein-complexes, the same <span class=SpellE>chromophores</span> are also redox active and can therefore be probed and manipulated by redox chemistry, surface <span class=SpellE>plasmons</span> and externally applied electric fields. Most importantly, many different species allow genetic engineering, with retained photosynthesis. Proteins can be engineered for covalent binding to surfaces, to induce or reduce curvature of the membrane or membrane stacking, to bind different <span class=SpellE>chromophores</span> or to control energy dissipation to name few of the possibilities.</p> <p class=arial><img border=0 width=575 height=108 id="_x0000_i1025" src="Cloud.jpg" align=middle></p> <p>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></p> <div> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/statcounter\.com\/tumblr\/\0022 \\o \0022stat tracker for tumblr\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 "'><!-- Start of StatCounter Code --><noscript><span style='color:blue'><img border=0 width=34 height=34 id="_x0000_i1026" src="http://c.statcounter.com/6792411/0/e3204218/0/" alt="tat tracker for tumblr" class=statcounter></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> </noscript><!-- End of StatCounter Code --> </body> </html>