thing	place	dest.	pren.	adject.	adverb.	adv
kore	koko	kochira	kono	konna	konna-ni	koo
sore	soko	sochira	sono	sonna	sonna-ni	soo
are	asoko	achira	ano	anna	anna-ni	aa
dore	doko	dochira	dono	donna	donna-ni	doo

(2) patterns -- adjectival predicate

• description: N wa {A/Na} desu -- A:(i-J)/Na:(na-C)
• negation: N wa {A-ku nai desu/ Na dewa arimasen}
• noun-modifier: { A / Na(-na) } + N
• adverbs of degree: taihen:大変, totemo:迚も, taitei:大抵, amari:余り
• sentence-final particles: ne, yo

• existence: (location) N ga (quantity) arimasu/imasu
• focus: N wa (location) (quantity) arimasu/imasu
• relative position: N no { ue:上, shita:下, mae:前, ushiro:後, naka:中, soto:外, hidari:左, migi:右, soba:側 /傍 } ni N
• exhaustive join: N1 to N2 ... to Nn
• non-exhaustive: N1 ya N2 ,,, ya Nn

• counters: -mai:枚 (thin), -hon:本 (long, slender), -satsu:冊 (books), -daiL台 (machines), -hiki:匹/疋 (small animals), -wa:羽 (birds)
• people: -nin:人 (hito-ri, futa-ri, ..., yo-nin)
• shapeless(!): -tsu:個 (J numerals)

• N wa/ga (time) (place) (dir.) (object) V-masu
• negation: N wa ... V-masen
• direct object: N o (+Vt)
• point of time: N ni
• direction: N e -- to
• start/end: N kara ... N made
• instrument: N de
• conjunctions: soshite, sore kara, shikashi, keredomo
• approx: goro:頃 (time), hodo:程/gurai (quantity)

• past event: N wa ... V-mashita
• negation: N wa V-masen deshita
• adverbs (2): moo, mada, mettani
• movement out of: N o +V
• movement into: N ni +V
• walking,..., passing: N o +V
• place of action: N de +V
• nominal use of conjuctive form: ikimasu -- iki

• existence: N wa N1 deshita
• negation: N wa N2 dewa arimasen deshita
• adjectival: N wa { Na deshita / A-katta desu }
• negation: Na dewa arimasen
• neg-(J): A-ku { nakatta desu / arimasen deshita }
• joint actions: N to (V) -- (do ...) with N
• purpose: N/V(conj) + ni {iki/ki/kaeri}-masu
• conjunctive particles: S1 + { ga / kara } S2 %%-- but/because
• prenom. i-A exceptions: ooku no hito -- ooi desu %%(many)

• action, state, condition: ... V-te-imasu
• succession: ... V-te, (... V-te) ... V-masu/-mashita
• alternatives: .. V-tari,.. V-tari-shimasu/shimashita
• after doing ...: ... V-te kara ... -- (explicit)

• V: tabemasu/taberu, tabemasen/tabenai
• past: tabemashita/tabeta, tabemasen deshita/tabeta

• thing, action: {N o/.. V-te/V-(a)naide} kudasai
• order, command: V(Conj)-nasai
• obligation, duty: V-(a)-nakereba narimasen
• prohibition: V-tewa ikemasen -- must not do
• permission: V-temo ii desu -- you may do
• advice: V-ta hoo ga ii desu
• negative: V-(a)nai hoo ga ii desu
• offering: V-mashoo, V-mashoo ka?

• at: { kono/sone/ano, N no, Na-na, A(Dict), V(Dict), V-ta, V-te-iru } + toki (ni) -- at, when, ... time
• while: { N no, V-te-iru } + aida -- during
• before: { N no, V(Dict) } + mae (ni)
• after: { N no,V-ta } + ato (de)
• simultaneous: V1(Conj)-nagara V2
• as ... is: V1-ta + mama V2 -- (and, while)
• conjoin: ... { A-kute / Na de / N de }, ... -- and

• quoting: N wa/ga ... to iimasu -- N says
• thinks: N wa ... to omoimasu -- N thinks ..
• naming: (N wa) X o Y to iimasu -- (N) calls X Y
• nominal: Y to iu X -- X (which is) called Y

• more: N1 wa N2 yori A/Na desu
• question: N1 to N2 to dochira ga A/Na desu ka?
• answer: N1 no hoo ga A/Na desu -- N1 is more ...
• superlative: { N1 to N2 to ... Nn, X } no naka/uchi de N1 ga ichiban:一番 A/Na desu
• scope or limit: N de -- e.g zenbu:全部 de
• exprssions: onaji/同じ (the same), ... hodo/程 (to the extent), A-bai:倍 (A-times as), A-bun/分 no B (B/A)

• desire: N1 wa { N2 ga hoshii, (N2 ga/o) V-tai } desu
• like/dislike: N1 wa N2 ga suki:好き/kirai:嫌い desu
• intimacy: no?, wa (women); kai?/ ... dai? (men)

• N1 wa N2 ga { deki-masu, joozu desu, heta desu, tokui desu, nigate desu, wakar-imasu } -- can do ... %%(can) understand

• N1 wa/niwa N2 ga {arimasu, ooi desu, sukunai desu}
• experience: N1 wa ... V-ta koto ga arimasu
• whole/part: N1 wa N2 ga -- (usually adj.predicate)

• passive: N1 wa N2 {ni, ni yotte, kara} V-(r)are-ru
• causative: N1 wa/ga N2 o/ni V {-ase-/-sase}-ru

• N to Y: X ga Y ni N o agemasu/sashiagemasu
• N from Y: X ga Y ni/kara N o moraimasu/itadakimasu
• N to X: Y ga X ni N o kuremasu/kudasaimasu
• for Y: X ga Y ni (... o) V-te-agemasu
• has Y do: X ga Y ni (... o) V-te-moraimasu
• Y does: Y ga X ni (... o) V-te-kuremasu

• present or volitional: ik-oo, tabe-yoo, shiyoo, koyoo
• (私 wa) V(Volit) to omoimasu/omotte-imasu
• (私 wa) V(Dict) tsumori/積もり desu -- I intend to

• guess: { N/Na, A, V } deshoo -- tabun, osoraku
• possible: -kamo shiremasen/shirenai -- (deshoo)
• adverbs: hyotto suru to, moshi ka suru to -- (pred.)
• certain: -ni chigai:違い arimasen/nai -- kitto:屹度

• koto: X wa (N o) V(Dict) koto ga dekimasu
• potential: X wa V(Stem){-e-/-rare}-masu -- 1th/2nd

• V-te-aru:在る/有る (state), V-te-oku:置く (put or leave), V-te-iku:行く (do and go), V-te-kuru:来る (do and come), V-te-shima(w)u:終う (finish ...), V-te-miru:見る (do and see)

• {A-ku/Na-ni} + V, { A-i/Na-na } + N
• nouns: A-ku as N -- ... no chikaku:近く ni ...
• onomatopoeia: hakkiri (to) [clearly], yukkuri (to) [slowly], don-don [rapidly], shikkari [hard]
• idiomatic: ato iu ma ni [while I was saying], soro-soro %% jukan [about time]

• {V-tara, A-kattara, N/Na dattara}, ... -- (if)
• V { -(r)eba, sureba, kureba }, ... -- (if)
• A-kereba, ... / N/Na nara, ... -- (if)
• {V, A, N/Na da} V(Plain)-to, ... -- (if then)

• noun-modifier: -ta form, interrogative -- doo ka

• indication: S + koto:事 -- that S
• decision: V (Dict) koto:事 ni shimasu/narimasu
• no as koto: S + no -- that S
• emphatic: ... no wa ... desu
• focus: N ga/no Y no o mimasu/kikimasu -- see, hear
• explanatory: S + no/n desu

• { V(Dict), V(Past), V-te-iru} tokoro desu -- (place)
• Pred (-(r)eba) Pred (Dict) hodo/程 ... -- (more)

• S + hazu/wake desu -- should/reason
• N/Na desu + noni = N/Na na noni -- in spite of ...

• {V(Conj), A, Na} + soo desu, N no yo desu -- it looks
• hearsay: S + soo desu
• appearance: V/A/Na/N rashii desu -- it seems
• like: {V, A, Na-na/datta, N no/datta} yoo-na/-ni

• (yoo-na) {aji:味, nioi:臭い/匂い, kanji:感じ, ki:気 } ga shimasu
• (yoo-na) {katachi:形/容, iro:色, kao:顔, kakkoo:格好 } o shite-imasu

• {iki/ki/i}-masu: irassha-imasu / oide ni narimasu
• imasu: osshaimasu, mimasu: go-ran ni nar-imasu
• mosh-imasu (iimasu), mair-imasu (ikimasu), itash-imasu (shimasu)

[] readme course(s) preface I 1 2 II 3 4 III 5 6 7 IV 8 9 10 V 11 12 afterthought(s) appendix reference(s) example(s) resource(s) _

(C) Æliens 04/09/2009