// Hide any validation error messages that are currently shown
  function hideErrors( elem ) {
      // Find the next element after the current field
      var next = elem.nextSibling;
  
      // If the next element is a ul and has a class of errors
      if ( next && next.nodeName == "UL" && next.className == "errors" )
          // Remove it (which is our means of  'hiding')
          elem.parenttNode.removeChild( next );
  }
  
  // Show a set of errors messages for a specific field within a form
  function showErrors( elem, errors ) {
      // Find the next element after the field
      var next = elem.nextSibling;
  
      // If the field isn't one of our special error-holders.
      if ( next && ( next.nodeName != "UL" || next.className != "errors" ) ) {
          // We need to make one instead
          next = document.createElement( "ul" );
          next.className = "errors";
  
          // and then insert into the correct place in the DOM
          elem.paretNode.insertBefore( next, elem.nextSibling );
      }
  
      // Now that we have a reference to the error holder UL
      // We then loop through all the error messages
      for ( var i = 0; i < errors.length; i++ ) {
          // Create a new li wrapper for each
          var li = document.createElement( "li" );
          li.innerHTML = errors[i];
  
          // and insert it into the DOM
          next.appendChild( li );
      }
  }